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* common phrasal verbs
burst out, carry on, end up, give up, go round, keep on, put off, set about
She carried on reading.
They kept on walking for a while.
Note that some common phrases can be followed by an `-ing' clause.
can't helpcan't standfeel like
I can't help worrying.
 2 After the verbs and phrases mentioned above, you can also use `being' followed by a past participle.
They enjoy being praised.
I dislike being interrupted.
After some verbs of saying and thinking, you can use `having' followed by a past participle.
admitdenymentionrecall
Michael denied having seen him.
3 `Come' and `go' are used with `-ing' clauses to describe the way that a person or thing moves.
They both came running out.
It went sliding across the road out of control.
`Go' and `come' are also used with `-ing' nouns to talk about sports and outdoor activities. See Unit 56.
Did you say they might go camping?
4 Some verbs can be followed by an object and an `-ing' clause. The object of the verb is the subject of the `-ing'
clause.
catchimaginepreventwatch
findleavestop
It is hard to imagine him existing without it.
He left them making their calculations.
Note that `prevent' and `stop' are often used with `from' in front of the `-ing' clause.
I wanted to prevent him from seeing that.
Most verbs of perception can be followed by an object and an `-ing' clause or a base form. See Unit 72.
I saw him riding a bicycle.
I saw a policeman walk over to one of them.
See also Unit 94 for `-ing' clauses after nouns.
Unit 70 Infinitives
Main points
* Some verbs are followed by a `to'-infinitive clause. Others are followed by an object and a `to'-infinitive clause.
* Some verbs are followed by a `wh'-word and a `to'-infinitive clause. Others are followed by an object, a `wh'-
word, and a `to'-infinitive clause.
* Nouns are followed by `to'-infinitive clauses that indicate the aim, purpose or necessity of something, or that
give extra information.
1 Some verbs are followed by a `to'-infinitive clause. The subject of the verb is also the subject of the `to'-infinitive
clause.
* verbs of saying and thinking
agreeexpectlearnplan
choosehopemeanpromise
decideintendofferrefuse
She had agreed to let us use her flat.
I decided not to go out for the evening.
 * other verbs
failmanagepretendtendwant
England failed to win a place in the finals.
2 Some verbs are followed by an object and a `to'-infinitive clause. The object of the verb is the subject of the `to'-
infinitive clause.
* verbs of saying and thinking
adviseencourageinvitepersuadeteach
askexpectorderremindtell
I asked her to explain.
They advised us not to wait around too long.
* other verbs
allowforcegethelpwant
I could get someone else to do it.
I didn't want him to go.
Note that `help' can also be followed by an object and a base form.
I helped him fix it.
WARNING: You do not use `want' with a `that'-clause. You do not say `I want that you do something'.
3 Some verbs are followed by `for' and an object, then a `to'-infinitive clause. The object of `for' is the subject of
the `to'-infinitive clause.
appealaskpaywish
arrangelongwait
Could you arrange for a taxi to collect us?
I waited for him to speak.
4 Some link verbs, and `pretend' are followed by `to be' and an `-ing' form for continuing actions, and by `to have'
and a past participle for finished actions. See also Unit 73.
We pretended to be looking inside.
I don't appear to have written down his name.
5 Some verbs are normally used in the passive when they are followed by a `to'-infinitive clause.
believe, consider, feel, find, know, report, say, think, understand
He is said to have died a natural death.
Is it thought to be a good thing?
6 Some verbs are followed by a `wh'-word and a `to'-infinitive clause. These include:
askexplainimaginelearnunderstand
decideforgetknowrememberwonder
I didn't know what to call him.
She had forgotten how to ride a bicycle.
Some verbs are followed by an object, then a `wh'-word and a `to'-infinitive clause.
 askremindshowteachtell
I asked him what to do.
Who will show him how to use it?
Some verbs only take `to'-infinitive clauses to express purpose.
See Unit 97.
The captain stopped to reload the gun.
He went to get some fresh milk.
7 You use a `to'-infinitive clause after a noun to indicate the aim of an action or the purpose of a physical object.
We arranged a meeting to discuss the new rules.
He had nothing to write with.
You also use a `to'-infinitive clause after a noun to say that something needs to be done.
I gave him several things to mend.
`What's this?' - `A list of things to remember.'
8 You use a `to'-infinitive clause after a noun group that includes an ordinal number, a superlative, or a word like
`next', `last', or `only'.
She was the first woman to be elected to the council.
Mr Holmes was the oldest person to be chosen.
The only person to speak was James.
9 You use a `to'-infinitive clause after abstract nouns to give more specific information about them.
All it takes is a willingness to learn.
He'd lost the ability to communicate with people.
The following abstract nouns are often followed by a `to'-infinitive clause:
ability, attempt, chance, desire, failure, inability, need, opportunity, unwillingness, willingness
Note that the verbs or adjectives which are related to these nouns can also be followed by a `to'-infinitive clause. For
example, you can say `I attempted to find them', and `He was willing to learn'.
See Unit 95 for information on nouns that are related to reporting verbs and can be followed by a `to'-infinitive clause.
Unit 71 Verb + `to'- or `-ing'
Main points
* Some verbs take a `to'-infinitive clause or an `-ing' clause with little difference in meaning. Others take a `to'-
infinitive or `-ing' clause, but the meaning is different.
1 The following verbs can be followed by a `to'-infinitive clause or an `-ing' clause, with little difference in
meaning.
attempt, begin, bother, continue, fear, hate, love, prefer, start, try
It started raining.
A very cold wind had started to blow.
The captain didn't bother answering.
I didn't bother to answer.
Note that if these verbs are used in a continuous tense, they are followed by a `to'-infinitive clause.
The company is beginning to export to the West.
 We are continuing to make good progress.
After `begin', `continue', and `start', you use a `to'-infinitive clause with the verbs `understand', `know', and `realize'.
I began to understand her a bit better.
2 You can often use `like' with a `to'-infinitive or an `-ing' clause with little difference in meaning.
I like to fish.
I like fishing.
However, there is sometimes a difference. You can use `like' followed by a `to'-infinitive clause to say that you think
something is a good idea, or the right thing to do. You cannot use an `-ing' clause with this meaning.
They like to interview you first.
I didn't like to ask him.
3 After `remember', `forget', and `regret', you use an `-ing' clause if you are referring to an event after it has
happened.
I remember discussing it once before.
I'll never forget going out with my old aunt.
She did not regret accepting his offer.
You use a `to'-infinitive clause after `remember' and `forget' if you are referring to an event before it happens.
I must remember to send a gift for her child.
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