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person in the eye.
vehement ( vee·
·m
nt) adj. 1. characterized by extreme intensity of emo-
tion or forcefulness of expression or conviction 2. marked by great force,
vigor, or energy. The senator vehemently denied any wrongdoing and main-
tained her innocence throughout the investigation.
virulent ( vir·ym
·l
nt) adj. 1. extremely poisonous, injurious or infectious 2.
bitterly hostile or hateful, acrimonious. They say that the pen is mightier than
the sword; indeed, words can be every bit as virulent as the sting of a scorpion.
volatile ( vol·
·til) adj. 1. varying widely, inconstant, changeable, fickle 2.
unstable, explosive, likely to change suddenly or violently 3. (in chem-
istry) evaporating readily. The stock market has been so volatile lately that I
have decided to invest in bonds instead.
zealous ( zel·m
s) adj. filled with or marked by great interest or enthusiasm;
eager, earnest, fervent. Shalom was such a zealous student that he begged his
teacher to assign him extra projects.
CHEAT SHEET: MIX AND MATCH
To help you remember this grab-bag of important adjectives, match them up in pairs
that will help you remember their meaning. For example, staunch and steadfast have
nearly the same meaning; so do furtive and surreptitious, dormant and latent, fervent
and zealous, vehement and stoic and timid and diffident. On the other hand, timid and
intrepid are opposites, and you could similarly pair diffident and gregarious. You can
also use words from other lessons, too for example, garrulous and reticent (from
Chapter 4) are also antonyms.
MAGNIFICENT MODIFIERS
127
CHEAT SHEET: MORE MNEMONICS
It s advice worth repeating: Take the time to create rhymes, images, or associations
that will help you remember the meaning of these adjectives. For example, perhaps
you know someone named Tim (or Tina, Tom, Ted, etc.) who is extremely shy. You
could use  Timid Tim (or Tina, Tom, Ted, etc.) to remember what timid means. Simi-
larly, you can associate surreptitious with a snake. Surreptitious begins with the
snake s s sound and has repti in the word, which sounds like reptile. Snakes can be
very surreptitious animals, stealthily sneaking up on their prey.
TIPS AND STRATEGIES
Because adjectives are so important in our communications, you need to be
prepared to see a lot of them on your exam. Here are some specific tips and
strategies to help you as you prepare for your test.
" Use the context of the sentences provided with the definitions to
help you understand these adjectives and memorize their meanings.
The sentences help reinforce meaning and convey the words con-
notations.
" Pay attention to adjectives as you come across them in your read-
ing, taking special care to note the connotation of the word. One of
the main functions of adjectives is to create emotional impact.
" Use synonyms to help you remember meaning, or group words into
synonym or antonym pairs. Use words from this chapter and/or
other chapters in this book to reinforce what you have already
learned.
" Remember to look for familiar prefixes, suffixes, and word roots as
you study and use this knowledge to better understand words and
determine meaning.
" Watch for words that use the same base as these adjectives. For
example, you may not see the word zealous on your exam, but you
may find zeal or zealot and you can accurately guess the meaning
of these words by knowing what zealous means.
" Remember to use mnemonic devices and associations to help you
remember meaning. For example, you might remember volatile by
associating it with a volcano that is about to erupt.
" Don t forget the power of elimination. Cross out any answers that
you know are incorrect and use these other strategies to help you
narrow down the remaining choices.
JUST IN TIME VOCABULARY
128
EXTRA HELP
Want to learn more adjectives? Check out Lesson 15 in Learning
O
Express s Vocabulary and Spelling Success, 3rd edition, or Chapters 3,
9, 13, 16, 19, and 24 in 501 Vocabulary Questions. You will find many
of these 40 magnificent modifiers within these chapters along with
dozens of other practical and commonly tested adjectives.
PRACTICE
By now you have learned and reviewed over 200 words. To help you prac-
tice the words in this lesson and review words from earlier in the book,
some of the exercises below use vocabulary words from earlier chapters.
For questions 1 15, choose the synonym or antonym as directed.
1. Which word is an antonym of copious?
a. abundant
b. scanty
c. lax
d. erratic
e. severe
2. Which word is a synonym of banal?
a. futile
b. flawed
c. fortuitous
d. trite
e. stealthy
3. Which word is an antonym of pivotal?
a. vital
b. peripheral
c. pedantic
d. cryptic
e. loose
4. Which word is a synonym of garrulous?
a. loquacious
b. fervid
c. reluctant
d. wary
e. supercilious
MAGNIFICENT MODIFIERS
129
5. Which word is a synonym of succinct?
a. pensive
b. ingenious
c. terse
d. tangential
e. nominal
6. Which word is an antonym of adroit?
a. diligent
b. apathetic
c. multifaceted
d. inept
e. benign
7. Which word is a synonym of ephemeral?
a. transitory
b. intermittent
c. circumspect
d. innocuous
e. eloquent
8. Which word is an antonym of fervent?
a. indifferent
b. disinterested
c. caustic
d. droll
e. illicit
9. Which word is a synonym of dormant?
a. pugnacious
b. implacable
c. voluntary
d. quiescent
e. lucid
10. Which word is an antonym of lax?
a. veritable
b. destitute
c. fundamental
d. cursory
e. rigorous
JUST IN TIME VOCABULARY
130
11. Which word is an antonym of volatile?
a. paltry
b. steadfast
c. abysmal
d. explicit
e. inscrutable
12. Which word is a synonym of servile?
a. eclectic
b. energetic
c. submissive
d. uniform
e. intrepid
13. Which word is an antonym of virulent?
a. innocuous
b. incontrovertible
c. violent
d. excruciating
e. tedious
14. Which word is a synonym of paltry?
a. elusive
b. lamentable
c. indolent
d. regrettable
e. pungent
15. Which word is a synonym of resplendent?
a. droll
b. dubious
c. luminous
d. educational
e. retroactive
For questions 16 35, choose the answer that best reflects the meaning of
the italicized vocabulary word to complete the sentence.
16. An egregious error is: [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

zanotowane.pl

doc.pisz.pl

pdf.pisz.pl

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